A Book in Brown Paper

I bought this for just £8 in Brighton Books

'Buy a book in brown paper
From Faber and Faber
To see Anna Liffey trip, tumble and caper.
Sevensinns in her singthings,
Plurabelle on her prose,
Seashell ebb music wayriver she goes'

That's a verse Joyce wrote for the dust jacket of the Anna Livia Plurabelle booklet, published in 1930. He was annoyed when the sales department at Faber only used it on a mimeographed publicity release, along with a note expressing bafflement at it.

Covers were very important to Joyce (Ulysses originally had a blue cover with white letters to represent the Greek flag and Homer's white islands on the blue sea) . He chose this brown because it was the colour of the River Liffey flowing through Dublin. 'The stream is quite brown, rich in salmon, very devious, shallow', he wrote to Harriet Shaw Weaver.

The red triangle on the cover, representing the river delta, is Anna Livia's symbol. It also appears in the opening page of the chapter/booklet (right).

Anna Livia is the River Liffey, and also a woman, partly modelled on Livia Svevo, the red-haired wife of the novelist Italo Svevo. Joyce told an Italian journalist: 'They say I have immortalized Svevo, but I've also immortalized the tresses of Signora Svevo. These were long and reddish-blond. My sister who used to see them let down told me about them. The river at Dublin passes dye-houses and so has reddish water. So I have playfully compared these two things in the book I'm writing. A lady in it will have the tresses which are really Signora Svevo's.'

Ellmann writes, 'When Livia Svevo heard that Joyce in Finnegans Wake was using her flowing hair as a symbol of the lovely river Liffey, she was flattered, but when she heard that in the river there were two washerwomen scrubbing dirty linen, she was disgusted.'

You can find ALP's saffron hair, 'deepdark and ample like this red bog at sundown' on page 203 of Finnegans Wake.

An early version of Anna Livia was first published in Adrienne Monnier's magazine Navire d’Argent in October 1925. The finished text then came out in transition 8, in November 1927.  This was followed, in 1928,  by a deluxe limited edition of 850 copies, by Crosby Gaige of New York. Ellmann, citing Sylvia Beach, says that it 'had to be published in a tea-coloured cover because the Liffey was the color of tea' (p.603). Here the delta symbol is reversed.

Joyce Reading Finnegans Wake

The best introduction to Finnegans Wake is the recording that Joyce made of the final pages of the Anna Livia Plurabelle chapter (pages 213-6). Here's a beautiful film of it made by Electronical Monocle, who has animated the bust of Joyce in Stephen's Green, Dublin.

Joyce told his patroness, Harriet Shaw Weaver, that the chapter was 'a chattering dialogue across the river by two washerwomen who, as night falls, become a tree and a stone.' He also described it to his friend Sarsfield Kerrigan as 'an attempt to subordinate words to the rhythm of water.' 

Joyce made the record for Charles Kay Ogden, at the Orthological Institute in Cambridge in August 1929. Sylvia Beach says that Ogden got the idea to record Joyce after hearing his recording of Ulysses, made in Paris in 1924:

"The Ulysses recording was "very bad" according to my friend C.K.Ogden....He was doing some recording of Bernard Shaw and others at the studio of the Orthological Society in Cambridge and was interested in experimenting with writers....Mr Ogden boasted to me that he had the two biggest recording machines in the world at his Cambridge studios and told me to send Joyce over to him for a real recording. And Joyce went over to Cambridge for the recording of "Anna Livia Plurabelle"....Joyce with his famous memory must have known Anna Livia by heart. Nevertheless he faltered at one place and...they had to begin again.
  Ogden gave me both the first and second versions. Joyce gave me the immense sheets on which Ogden had had “Anna Livia” printed in huge type so that the author—his sight was growing dimmer—could read it without effort."

Sylvia Beach, Shakespeare and Company, 172-173

Ellmann adds this story:

"The pages had been prepared for him in half-inch letters, but the light in the studio was so weak that Joyce still could not read them. He had therefore to be prompted in a whisper throughout, his achievement being, as Ogden said, all the more remarkable."

This copy sold for $5,000 at Sotheby's in New York

Ogden later published a transcript of the record, translated by Leonora W Lockhart into 'basic English'  in Psyche, April 1932, vol XII, no. 4.  Here Ogden wrote that Joyce had helped in the translation:

"The purpose is to give the simple sense of the Gramophone Record made by Mr. Joyce,  who has himself taken part in the attempt"

This is how it begins:

"Well are you conscious, or haven’t you knowledge, or haven’t I said it, that every story has an ending and that’s the he and she of it. Look, look, the dark is coming. My branches high are taking root, And my cold seat’s gone grey."

The magazine also carried a set of explanatory notes, published anonymously.  The proof that they were written by Joyce is in a letter from him to Ogden, published by Alan M Cohn in the December 1976 A Wake Newslitter XIII.6:

Some of Joyce's explanations are quite extraordinary (e.g. 'The first man of Dublin was a he-goat'). 

Here they are - for the first time on the web! - with the text in bold:

Well you know or don't you kennet
Knowledge.
Kennet= name of a river
Kennen= Have knowledge
As the story is chiefly about the River Liffey (on which Dublin is placed) the word-play makes use as far as possible of the names of rivers. The Liffey is looked on throughout as the mother, and Dublin as the father

every telling has its taling
Ending
Tale=Story
Tailing=Ending

My branches lofty are taking root
My branches high are taking root.    
The story is in the form of a discussion between two washing-women doing their washing by the side of the Liffey. At the end of the story, one woman is turned into a tree and the other into a stone. At this point, the woman who is to be turned into a tree sees herself pictured upside down in the water, in the form she will later take.
 

And my cold cher's gone ashley.

Suggestion in Cher of River Char, and of a chair (seat). This statement comes from the woman who is later to become a stone.

Fieluhr? Filou!
Viel Uhr? Filou! 
In France at the end of the war, a German on one side of a river between the lines put the question 'Wie Viel Uhr?' to a Frenchman and was given the answer 'Filou toi-meme!' The story comes to mind because the same question is put by one of the women. 

(‘wie viel Uhr?’ =’what’s the time?’.  ‘Filou’=‘scoundrel’)  

It saon is late
Its getting late.
Saon= name of a river
Soon= In a short time

senne eye or erewone
Anyone.
Erewon= Name of a river
Erewhon (Nowhere)= Book by Samuel Butler. 

Waterhouse's clogh
Waterhouse's Clock.
This clock is to Dublin what Big Ben is to London. Waterhouse was a noted clock-maker, and his name has come to be used for any important person in the town. The first builder of a Dublin was a Viking, a Deucalion. Deucalion is Greek for water-house.  

I heard thum sigh
So they said.
Hurd= Name of a river.
Heard = was hearing.
Sigh = A little sad noise.  

O, my back, my back, my bach!
My back.
The form 'bach' gives the suggestion of an ache (pain) as she makes her back straight again.
Bach= German for 'small river' 

I'd want to go to Aches-les-Pains.
Aix-les-Pains.
Aches=Pains
Aix-les-Bains is a place where persons who are ill go to take the baths.

Pingpong!
Sound of the Angelus. 

the belle for Sexaloitez
Sachselaute.
Name of great Swiss Day. Play on Latin answer to Angelus. 

Concepta do Send-us-pray!
Concepta de Spiritu.
Part of Ave Maria.  

Pang!
The Angelus bell again. Suggestion here of the pains of giving birth. 

Wring out the clothes! Wring in the dew!
Take the water out of your cloths.
Wring= Take the water out.
Ring= Sound(ing) of a bell.
Dew= The water drops on the grass in the early morning. 

It's churning chill.
It's turning cold.
Churning= A violent motion of the river, causing a white surface, as when butter is made.
The name of a river.
Suggestion of the cold river in addition to the cold air.    

Der went is rising
The wind gets high.
Derwent= Name of a river. 

And I'll tie my butcher's apron here. It's suety yet. The strollers will pass it by.
The road boys will all go past.

Strollers are men who go out with nothing better to do than to see what goods they may take. The meatman’s garment is put among the linen and is so badly washed that no one will take it.

Six shifts, ten kerchiefs, nine to hold to the fire and this for the code, the convent napkins, twelve, one baby's shawl.
This for the cold.
Code=secret system of writing. In the war, notes in secret writing were sent on face cloths

Good mother Jossiph knows, she said.
Jossiph= Joseph mixed with gossip.

Whose head? Mutter snores? 
Whose head? Other ways? 

As the story goes on the river gets wider and the two women become parted. Their words are no longer clear to one another.

Deataceas!

Deo Gratias.
Said to a person who sneezes. The form Deataceas has in it the suggestion of a sneeze.
Taceas= Latin for 'be quiet'.

Wharnow are alle her childer.
Wharnow=Name of a river.
Childer is the early, simple form of children, still used in Ireland when all are of the same family. The mother is Anna LIvia, and the question is about those who have gone from Dublin to other places.

And all the Dunders de Dunnes in Markland's Vineland beyond Brendan's herring pool takes number nine in yangsee's hats.

dunce=foolish person. Name given to those of the Duns Scotus School of Thought.

Markland’s wineland is a Northman’s name for America, & Brendan’s Sea for the Atlantic.

This is to give the idea that the American Irishman has a very high opinion of himself (causing his head to get greater in size).
Yansee= Yangtse, name of a river.

But all that's left to the last of the Meaghers in the loup of the years prefixed and between is one kneebuckle and two hooks in the front.

All that is now for the last of the Meaghers.

To Wally Meagher, Anna Livia gave a ‘pair of Blarney braggs’ (a sort of trousers). When these come down to the last of the Meaghers there is nothing but the knee ornament and two hooks in the front.

the loup of the years

The round of the years.

Loup is from German laufen (=walk). Suggestion of the view that the events of history come round in a circle.

It's that irrawaddyng I've stoke in my aars.

It’s that soft material I’ve put in my ears.

Irrawaddy= name of a river.

Wadding= soft material, such as cotton wool.

Stuck=placed

Stoked= Put in violently, as coal is put into the fire of an engine.

By changing ‘ears’ to the wider sound ‘aase’ the idea is given of something full and stretched.

The great Finnleader himself

Great Finn the ruler.

Finn is the chief person in the Irish stories, the parallel of Arthur in the English stories.

in his joakimono

His coat of war.

Joachim was a Father of the religion of Christ. At the thought of the great chief, Finn, the name of Joachim comes to mind.

Kimono=Brightly coloured Japanese garment.

Father of Otters
Father of Waters.
This is the name given to the Mississippi.
Otter= a small water animal.

the ghostwhite horse of the Peppers
Deathwhite, the horse of the Peppers.
Suggestion of the shade of Mr Pepper and an old play named The White Horse of the Peppers.  

Ireland sober is Ireland stiff.
Ireland dry is Ireland stiff.
Taken from Father Matthew's cry for a dry Ireland - 'Ireland sober is Ireland free.'  

Lord help you, Maria, full of grease, the load is with me.
From a form of words used in the book of the Roman Catholic Church - Hail Mary full of Grace!
Grace=quality of being good,
Grease= a fat substance.
Load= weight (used here in place of Lord).   

I sonht zo!
It seemed so.
Isonzo (I thought so)= Name of a river. 

Madammangut! Were you lifting your elbow…

Madam Angot

There is a French opera that goes by the name of ‘La Fille de Madame Angot’, who is a washing-woman. ‘Madam Mangut’ gives the idea of a woman with a man’s throat, that is, able to drink like a man.

marthared mary allacook.
Martha Mary Alacoque.
A Very good Frenchwoman.
Martyred (Marthared) = having gone through much for one's religion. 

Conway's Carrigacurra canteen
Carrigacurra -Town on Liffey where Conway had a beer house.

Corrigan's pulse
Corrigan's trouble.
The disease 'Corrigan's Pulse' was the discovery of a great medical man in Dublin of that name.

varicoarse veins
My blood vessel's thick.
Varicise veins is a diseased condition of the blood-vessels which makes them become thick.
Very coarse=very thick.

Your rear gait’s creakorheuman…

Your tail walk’s Graeco-Roman.

Creak= Noise made by wood when weight is put on it.

Human= to do with man.

Rheumatic= Stiff in the bones. 

the laundryman with the lavandier flannels

‘The blue-grey trousers.

Lavender is used because lavender is the name of the sweet-smelling flower put into clean linen, and because it gives the suggestion of the French lavandiere (washing-woman)’

when Collars and Cuffs was heir to the town

The Duke of Clarence.

Commonly talked of as ‘Collars and Cuffs’ because his linen was so beautiful (older brother of George V)

Holy Scamander!

Am I seeing right?

This gives the same effect as a cry of surprise.

Scamander= name of a river.

Scamandering (a Dublin word) = moving slowly and quietly like a river.

I sar it again!
I saw it again.
Iser= Name of a river.

Icis on us!
My blood is ice.
The Isis= The Thames

Zezere!

See there.

Zezere= name of a river. Has the sound of a person overcome with fear, making an attempt to say ‘there’

the dwyergray ass

That grey long-ears.

Dwyergray was the owner of Freeman’s journal, and the Northcliffe of Dublin. He gave the town its water. The ass here is representative of the Apocrypha.

them four old codgers

The old four.

Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. In addition to this, they are the four school teachers from Ulster, Munster, Leinster and Connaught, who are looking into the brain of  the sleeping Shaun.

Are you meanam...
Meanam= Name of a River.
Are you meaning=Have you in mind.

I meyne now
I am saying now.
Maine= Name of a river. 
 
that stray in the mist
That go-in-the-mist.
Another name for a 'long ears' or ass.

Is that the Poolbeg flasher beyant, pharphar.
Far far.
Pharos= Word used in verse for a lighthouse.

Die eve, little eve, die!
She's dead, little Eve, little Eve she's dead.
The boys and girls at play send one another back and forward in the air a hundred times, and then let them come slowly to rest, saying these words with the name of the person in question.
 
We see that wonder in your eye.
The strange look in your eyes.
Strange things are seen in the eyes of persons on the point of death.

We'll meet again, we'll part once more.
A meeting again and then a parting.
That is to say, with every new day the washing women will have their meeting by the side of the Liffey, and at every nightfall they will go their separate ways.

The spot I'll seek if the hour you'll find.
I'll give the place; let the hour be yours.
The stone is a sign of space, and the tree, which has growth, of time. The same idea is at the back of what comes after.

My chart shines high where the blue milk's upset.
Where the blue milk's moving.
The 'Milky Way'. Stars in the sky give the idea of space. 
 

So save to jurna’s end!

To Journey’s end.

Jurna=name of river

I sow home slowly now by own way, moyvally way.

To Moyvally.

Place near Dublin.

My valley= My place between the mountains.

Towy I too, rathmine.

And so will I to Rathmines.

Towy=Name of a river.

Rathmines=Place near Dublin.

Rath= A little slope

Dear Dirty Dumpling, foostherfather of fingalls and dotthergills

Dear Dirty Dublin, etc.

Dublin here is pictured acting as a father to the sons and daughters of the great Northmen of the old stories.

Hadn’t he seven dams to wive him?

Hadn’t he his seven women of pleasure? etc.

Taken from the old verse, ‘As I was going to St Ives.’

And every dam had her seven crutches. And every crutch had its even hues.

And every woman her seven sticks.

Crutch=stick.

Crotch= Join between the branches of a tree.

All this is to give the idea of the growth of Dublin, branching out into one street after another.

And each hue had a differing cry.

And every colour a different cry.

Hue=colour.

Hue and cry= Outcry.

Sudds for me and supper for you and the doctor’s bill for Joe John.

Every part of the town is representative of a different order of society and way of living. So, for example, ‘washing for me, a good meal for you, and the chemist’s account for Joe John.’

Sudds for me= soap and water.

Sudds=floating islands in the Nile.’

Supper (the night meal) has in it the suggestion of the ‘supping’ noise made by the water.

Befor! Bifur!

Before! Before!

‘Befor! Bifor!’ has a sound like that of the earlier ‘Viel Uhr? Filou’!

‘Bifur’ is a short form of bifurcation (=division), which again gives the idea of the branching of the streets.

He married his markets, cheap by foul…

His markets were married, the cheap with the bad.

The development of Dublin by stretching out to new markets. ‘Cheap by foul’ is a copy of ‘Cheek by jowl’, which is a way of saying ‘side by side.'

…like any Etrurian Catholic Heathen…

Etrurian Catholics of hated religion.

The first letters of Haveth Childers Everywhere turned the other way round.

…in their pinky limony creamy birnies and their turkiss indienne mauves

In their light reds, etc.

The colours of the colour-band seen by moonlight, so that all their dresses are in light shades.

Birnie= Ger. Birnen (the light green fruit).

Turkus = Turqouise (a light blue)

Indienne= Indigo (dark blue)

But at milkidmass who was the spouse?

But in the animal’s time where was the woman?

Pointing back to the earliest stages of society.

Tys Elvenland!

Tys, Elvenland = Names of rivers.

Elves=  Little persons with strange powers.

Elve = Norwegian for ‘small river’

Ordovico or viricordo.

Vico’s order but natural, free.

Vico’s view was that there were four stages in the development of every society, and that when these four stages have been covered, the circle of history was started again. Here the suggestion is put forward that Vico’s stages do not necessarily come round for ever in the same order.

Northmen’s thing made southfolk’s place

Our Norwegian Thing-seat was where Suffolk Street is.

The high place on which the Norwegian Thing had its meeting has now become Suffolk Place.

But howmulty plurators made eachone in person?

What number of places will make things into persons.

Play on the statement that a ‘substantive’ is the name of a person, a place, or a thing.

Hircus Civis Eblanensis!

The first man of Dublin was a he-goat.

Again the letters of Haveth Childers Everywhere.

What Tom Malone?

The distance between the two women is becoming greater, and the words are no longer clear, so that ‘gone, ho!’ has the sound of Tom Malone.

 

James Joyce in Bognor Regis

Finnegans Wake ends with the postscript 'Paris 1922-39'. It would be more accurate, but less romantic, if it said 'Bognor Regis-Paris'. Joyce wrote some of the first sketches for the book in Bognor Regis, where he was on holiday, from 29 June to 3 August 1923. 

The Joyces stayed in the Alexandra Guest House on Clarence Road, which I photographed in 2002. Three cheers for Arun District Council for putting up the plaque!

On 5 July, Joyce wrote a letter from Alexandra House to his patroness, Harriet Shaw Weaver:

'Anyhow, here I am and I like it very much and that is all for the present. The weather is very fine and the country here restful. I shall remain in this place (though it is rather queer the way they serve the meals for when you once let the fork out of your hand you have to wrestle with the girl for your plate and they put out all the electric lights at 11 in the bedrooms)...' Letters Vol I p.203

Richard Ellmann's biography has some lovely details of the Joyces' stay in Bognor, based on a 1953 interview with Nora's youngest sister, Kathleen, who came from Galway to stay with them. When Kathleen bought some shoes, which split the next day, Nora took them back saying, 'My husband is a writer and if you don't change them I'll have it published in the paper.' Ellmann writes that this was 'the only recorded occasion on which Nora spoke of her husband's occupation with any approval.' 

'Her more habitual reaction was brought on by Joyce's purchase, at her insistence, of a pair of white trousers.  They proved to be translucent and she had to tell him, 'For goodness sake, take those off.' Later she confided to her sister, 'He's a weakling, Kathleen. I always have to be after his tail. I wish I was married to a man like my father.  Being married to a writer is a very hard life.''

I wonder if there's a memory of these transparent white trousers in Finnegans Wake:

'not forgetting the time you laughed at Elder Charterhouse’s duckwhite pants and the way you said the whole township can see his hairy legs' 137.20

Ellmann claims that Joyce was inspired by the squawking of seagulls on Bognor beach to write his famous seagull song, which gave us the word 'quark': 'Three Quarks for Muster Mark!' in his Tristan and Isolde sketch. The Digital Archive dates this to July 1923.

Patricia Hutchins visited Alexandra House in the 1950s, when it was still a guest house. Here's her description, from James Joyce's World, 1957

The book also has a photo of Joyce sitting on a Bognor bench, with an unknown companion.  A Galway relative of Nora gave the photo to Hutchins, who suggests, 'It was taken perhaps by Lucia experimenting with a box camera, or one of those ambulant photographers of the seaside.'

These could be Joyce's white transparent trousers, which might explain why he's crossed his legs. He wears an eyepatch because he was still recovering from two operations on his left eye - an April iridectomy and a May sphincterectomy.

Joyce wrote two other sketches in Bognor, St Kevin and St Patrick and the Druid. Like the other early sketches, these are comical treatment of Irish legends. St Patrick represented a new departure, for it was partly written in pidgin English. Did Joyce find a pidgin dictionary in his Bognor guesthouse?*  

The holiday also gave Joyce the name of his book's central figure, Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker. Peter Timmerman (writing in A Wake Newslitter June 1979) tracked this down to the 1923 Bognor Guidebook's description of neighbouring Sidlesham Church: 'An examination of the surrounding tombstones should not be omitted if any interest is felt in deciphering curious names, striking examples being Earwicker, Glue, Gravy, Boniface, Anker, and Northeast.'

The Alexandra is now a private home

Joyce uses these names on page 30 of the Wake, where he looks into the origins of HCE's unusual surname:

'Now...concerning the genesis of Harold or Humphrey Chimpden’s occupational agnomen ... and discarding once for all those theories from older sources which would link him back with such pivotal ancestors as the Glues, the Gravys, the Northeasts, the Ankers and the Earwickers of Sidlesham...'

I visited Sidlesham in 2014, and photographed the Earwicker graves.

Bognor is also the setting of the scene on pages 51-52, when the Cad with a Pipe, who accosts HCE in the park, gives his own version of the event many years later 'in a quiet English garden' (52.09).  The Cad is a Dubliner who has moved to Sussex, settling in 'the southeast bluffs of the stranger stepshore'. 51.29

In a list of the topics covered in Book One which Joyce drew up later, he listed this scene as 'Sunday evg Bognor (cad)'.

*This question was answered in 2021 by Ian MacArthur and Viviana-Mirela Braslasu, who discovered that Joyce took all his pidgin from Otto Jesperson's book Language: its nature development and origin, which has a whole chapter on Pidgin. So Joyce was doing some unusual reading in Bognor!